The Application of Vacuum in Vacuum Electronic Devices

The operational principles of various vacuum electronic devices rely on electric and magnetic fields to control the motion of electrons in space, achieving functions such as amplification, oscillation, and image display. Therefore, it is absolutely essential to evacuate the interior of these devices to specific vacuum levels required by different types of vacuum electronic devices. This ensures the normal operation of the devices by avoiding collisions between electrons and gas molecules, guaranteeing the regularity of electron motion in space, and preventing the oxidation and poisoning of cathodes that emit thermionic electrons.

Currently, the vacuum electronics industry produces a wide range of vacuum electronic devices, including but not limited to:

• Various electron tubes (rectifier tubes, transmitting tubes, receiving tubes, klystrons, traveling wave tubes, magnetrons, phototubes, etc.);

• Various ion tubes (mercury-arc rectifiers, ignitrons, counting tubes, thyratrons, noise tubes, radar switches, etc.);

• Various electron beam tubes (oscilloscope tubes, camera tubes, picture tubes, X-ray tubes, image converter tubes, etc.);

• Various electric light source tubes (lighting lamps, spectral lamps, instrument lamps, etc.);

In addition, these technologies are applied in neutron tubes, electron diffractometers, electron microscopes, X-ray microscopes, various particle accelerators, mass spectrometers, nuclear radiation spectrometers, gas lasers, as well as in processes such as degassing, melting, zone refining, melting and drilling of refractory metals and dielectrics, evaporation of radioactive isotopes, and welding of refractory metals—all utilizing electron beams in a vacuum. The indispensable role these electronic devices and processes play in modern science and large-scale industrial production is self-evident.

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